Foundational Skills Required Resources
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The Use of Hysteroscopy to Identify and Treat Reproductive Tract Abnormalities in the Mare
Open to download resource.
Open to download resource.
Hysteroscopy is a complementary tool to the traditional transrectal palpation and ultrasonography commonly performed by equine practitioners. Once mastered, it is a quick and useful diagnostic tool for the general and targeted evaluation of the endometrium
and provides real time information about potential causes of subfertility. Samples of intrauterine fluid and the endometrium can be taken via transendoscopic catheters or infusion pipettes or via the use of traditional endometrial biopsy forceps. In addition to being
a useful diagnostic tool, treatments can often be performed at the same time the pathologies are identified, providing mare owners with information and resolution of problems. With the development of additional technologies, hysteroscopy allows for optical biopsies
to be performed, which will likely increase in use as the software moves from the research laboratories to clinical practice. Hysteroscopy is an easily learned, useful clinical skill for the identification of abnormalities in the mares ' reproductive tract.
Equine Reproductive Procedures -- Selected Chapters
Open to download resource.
Open to download resource.
Equine Reproductive Procedures -- Selected Chapters
-- Speculum Examination of the Vagina
-- Uterine Culture Collection: Swab/Brush
-- Uterine Cytology Collection: Swab/Brush
-- Uterine Culture/Cytology: Low Volume Lavage
-- Endometrial Biopsy
Interpreting abdominal fluid in colic horses: Understanding and applying peritoneal fluid evidence
Open to download resource.
Open to download resource.
Interpreting changes in peritoneal fluid helps clinicians manage colic and other diseases in horses. During abdominal problems in the horse, abdominal fluid characteristics such as color, turbidity, total nucleated and red blood cell counts, cytology, total protein, and l-lactate change in predictable ways, helping the clinician characterize the disease.
Abdominal Sonographic Evaluation In the Field, at the Hospital, and After Surgery
Open to download resource.
Open to download resource.
The use of abdominal sonography provides useful diagnostic and monitoring information in the evaluation of horses with colic in the field, hospital, and postoperative setting. During the last 4 decades, veterinarians have created a large body of literature informative to clinicians using sonography to diagnose horses with colic. It is likely that this technique will continue to advance in the near future as sonography becomes more available and affordable and newer generations of veterinarians receive more and earlier training.
The Relationship Between Sagittal Hoof Conformation and Hindlimb Lameness in the Horse
Open to download resource.
Open to download resource.
Lameness is a common reason for horses to be examined by a veterinarian and has a large economic impact on owners, trainers and the equine industry [1]. Lameness can be multifactorial and identification of factors resulting in lameness conditions could be one method to decrease the incidence of lameness and prolong the competitive life of the equine athlete. One factor that has been proposed as contributing to lameness is hoof balance. Changing the sagittal balance of the hoof has been shown to alter distal limb motion and kinetics in the tendons, ligaments and joints of the forelimb.
Ultrasound of the Equine Stifle: Basic and Advanced Techniques
Open to download resource.
Open to download resource.
Ultrasonographic evaluation of the equine stifle has dramatically increased our knowledge of stifle soft tissue injuries over the past 10-15 years, including patellar ligament, meniscal and cranial meniscal ligament injuries. Indications for ultrasound include lameness localized to the stifle joint, effusion and radiographic findings of osteoarthritis that may indicate joint instability. Ultrasound is also indicated in horses with wounds to rule out concurrent soft tissue injury or to detect evidence of sepsis. Ultrasound can be useful to detect osteochondrosis lesions of the trochlear ridges in juvenile horses that are normal radiographically.8 Ultrasound may be indicated in horses with radiographically visible OCD lesions when lameness is more severe than would be expected with an OCD lesion.
Imaging of the Stifle and Tarsus
Open to download resource.
Open to download resource.
Although many stifle injuries will not be evident radiographically, radiology remains a commonly used modality due to convenience and accessibility for assessment of the stifle joint.
Diagnostic endoscopy of the urinary tract of the horse
Open to download resource.
Open to download resource.
ENDOSCOPY of the equine urinary tract is usually performed as part of the diagnostic evaluation of horses with clinical signs suggestive of a urinary tract disorder, the most common being weight loss and abnormal urination. Other presenting signs include pyrexia, anorexia, depression, ventral oedema, oral ulceration, excessive dental tartar, colic and bloodstaining of the perineum or hindlimbs. Endoscopy should be combined with a thorough history, full physical examination, rectal palpation, haematology, biochemistry, urinalysis and ultrasonography of the bladder and kidneys in order to obtain a definitive diagnosis. This article describes the procedures involved in endoscopic examination of the urinary tract of the horse, and highlights some of the abnormalities that may be seen.
